• the components of a system are defined;

• instruments are selected and used to extend observations and measurements of mass, volume, temperature, heat exchange, energy transformations, motion, fields, and electric charge;

• information is recorded and presented in an organized format;

• metric units are used in all measurements and calculations;

• the limitations of the experimental apparatus and design are recognized;

• the limitations of measured quantities through the appropriate use of significant figures or error ranges are recognized; and

• data gathered from non-SI instruments are incorporated through appropriate conversions.

• a description of a physical problem is translated into a mathematical statement in order to find a solution;

• relationships between physical quantities are determined using the shape of a curve passing through experimentally obtained data;

• the slope of a linear relationship is calculated and includes appropriate units;

• interpolated, extrapolated, and analyzed trends are used to make predictions;

• inferential statistical tests are applied in evaluating experimental data; and

• analysis of systems employs vector quantities utilizing trigonometric and graphical methods.

• analysis of primary sources to develop and refine research hypotheses;

• analysis of how science explains and predicts relationships; and

• evaluation of evidence for scientific theories and how new discoveries may either modify existing theories or result in establishing a new paradigm.

• principles with examples from the real world; and

• exploration of the roles and contributions of science and technology.

• linear motion;

• uniform circular motion;

• curvilinear motion;

• Newton's laws of motion;

• gravitation;

• celestial mechanics; and

• work, power, and energy.

• kinetic and potential energy;

• elastic and inelastic collisions; and

• electric power and circuit design.

• transformation of energy among forms, including mechanical, thermal, electrical, gravitational, chemical, and nuclear; and

• efficiency of systems.

• wave characteristics (period, wavelength, frequency, amplitude and phase);

• fundamental wave processes (reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, standing waves, polarization, Doppler effect); and

• light and sound in terms of wave models.

• the properties and behaviors of radio, microwaves, infra- red, visible light, ultra-violet, X-rays, and gamma rays; and

• current applications based on the wave properties of each band.

• application of the laws of reflection and refraction;

• construction and interpretation of ray diagrams;

• development and use of mirror and lens equations; and

• predictions of type, size, and position of real and virtual images.

• inverse square laws;

• Newton's law of universal gravitation;

• Coulomb's law; and

• operating principles of motors, generators, and cathode ray tubes.

• Ohm's law; and

• series, parallel, and combined circuits.

• wave/particle duality;

• wave properties of matter;

• matter/energy equivalence;

• quantum mechanics and uncertainty;

• relativity;

• nuclear physics;

• solid state physics;

• superconductivity; and

• radioactivity.