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1. | Who discovered the principle of classical conditioning?
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| a) Ivan Pavlov
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| b) B.F. Skinner
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| c) John B. Watson
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| d) Edward Tolman
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2. | Ivan Pavlov used the term unconditioned to refer to __________.
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| a) a stimulus or event that increases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated
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| b) learning from the consequences of behavior
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| c) stimuli and the automatic, involuntary responses they caused
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| d) the process in which reinforcement is used to sculpt new responses out of old ones
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3. | The dog in Pavlov's experiments started to salivate when it heard the sound of a tuning fork. The dog was exhibiting ___________.
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| a) an unconditioned response
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| b) an unconditioned stimulus
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| c) a conditioned response
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| d) a conditioned stimulus
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4. | In classical conditioning, generalization refers to _____________.
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| a) the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli
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| b) responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli
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| c) the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response
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| d) the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction
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5. | Operant conditioning can be defined in any of the following ways EXCEPT_____________.
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| a) it is the study of how voluntary behavior is affected by its consequences
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| b) it occurs when a person or animal operates on or causes some change in the environment
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| c) it is a form of learning closely associated with the psychologist B.F. Skinner
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| d) it utilizes modeling to achieve learning
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6. | When teaching a dog a trick, we use treats as _____________.
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| a) a positive reinforcement to operant conditioning
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| b) a neutral stimulus in classical conditioning
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| c) a secondary reinforcement to operant conditioning
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| d) part of the response chain
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7. | Slot machines represent what kind of reinforcement schedule?
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| a) fixed-ratio
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| b) variable-ratio
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| c) fixed-interval
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| d) variable-interval
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8. | If a child has a tantrum because he doesn't want to go to sleep, and the parents allow the child to stay awake, __________ has occurred.
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| a) aversive control
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| b) classical conditioning
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| c) escape conditioning
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| d) modeling
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9. | A dolphin that has been taught to search for undersea mines demonstrates what kind of learning?
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| a) shaping
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| b) classical conditioning
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| c) avoidance conditioning
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| d) social learning
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10. | Disadvantages of using aversive stimuli (punishment) to change behavior include all the following EXCEPT ______________.
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| a) aversive stimuli can produce unwanted side effects
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| b) people learn to avoid the person delivering the aversive consequences
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| c) punishment is likely to suppress, rather than eliminate, inappropriate behavior
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| d) punishment usually leads to the increase, or repetition, of the inappropriate behavior
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11. | Each of the following statements is true EXCEPT ________________.
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| a) social learning involves how people make decisions and act upon the information available to them
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| b) latent learning and learned helplessness are examples of modeling
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| c) social learning consists of cognitive learning and modeling
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| d) behavior modification uses learning principles to change people's actions or feelings
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12. | Modeling includes which of the following types of learning?
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| a) observational learning and learned helplessness
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| b) observational learning and disinhibition
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| c) latent learning and imitation
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| d) latent learning and learned helplessness
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13. | Latent learning is characterized by each of the following EXCEPT _______________.
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| a) it is not immediately observable as a change in behavior at the time of learning
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| b) it is not usually reinforced when learning occurs
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| c) it leads to depression and a sense of helplessness
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| d) it utilizes a cognitive map
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14. | Computer-assisted instruction breaks instruction down into "frames;" each time a student shows that he or she has learned the information in a frame, the student is given positive reinforcement in the form of new information. This is an example of ______________.
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| a) token economy
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| b) behavior modification
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| c) cognitive map
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| d) operant conditioning
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15. | An example of a token economy would be _____________________.
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| a) a rat being rewarded a food pellet when it presses down on a bar
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| b) a dog salivating when it hears a tuning fork
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| c) a player being rewarded coins from a slot machine
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| d) a chimpanzee's learned behavior being rewarded with poker chips with which it can "buy" peanuts
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16. | Behavior modification works best, psychologists believe, when people set up their own set of rewards and punishments to shape their thoughts and actions. This agreement with oneself is called _________________.
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| a) a behavioral contract
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| b) response chains
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| c) aversive control
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| d) escape conditioning
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