Research Methods Like all scientists, sociologists gain their knowledge by doing research; their methods, however, differ from most other scientists. These methods are classified as either quantitative—using numerical data, or qualitative—relying on narrative and descriptive data. Quantitative research is usually conducted through the use of surveys and precollected data, while field research is the method most commonly used in qualitative research.

Causation in Science Scientists assume that an event occurs for a reason, a concept known as causation, and that all events have causes. When they conduct studies, scientists identify variables to investigate, and look for correlations of how things relate to one another. Three standards are used to determine causal relationships: two variables must be correlated, all other possible factors must be taken into account, and a change in the independent variable must occur before a change in the dependent variable can occur.

Procedures and Ethics in Research Scientists use a research method known as the scientific method. They identify a problem, formulate a hypothesis, conduct research, collect and analyze data, and state their findings and conclusions. Researchers have an ethical obligation to protect participants' privacy and to avoid deceiving or harming them.