Chapter 8 The Rise of Industry   1. What was the most important cause of the change from an agricultural economy to an industrial one in the United States in the second half of the 1800s?     A) natural resources and workers     B) government intervention     C) the laissez-faire philosophy of government     D) Civil War   2. Which company based its success on the invention of the refrigerated railroad car?     A) American Tobacco Company     B) General Electric     C) United Fruit     D) Swift and Armour   3. All of the following are tactics that entrepreneurs used to drive competitors out of business EXCEPT _________     A) purchasing stocks in a competitor's business.     B) destroying labor unions.     C) selling products at below their cost.     D) bribing officials.   4. Which of the following applied to corporations rather than individually-owned companies or partnerships?     A) The risk of losing money was carried only by the owner or owners of the company.     B) A company would stay in business as long as the owner or owners lived.     C) Capital or investment money came from the owner or owners.     D) Small amounts of capital from many investors was pooled into huge sums to run the company.   5. Companies which manufacture no products and have no customers, but exist only to own stock in other companies are called ___________     A) corporations.     B) trusts.     C) sole proprietorships.     D) holding companies.   6. When several companies give control of their operations to a single board of trustees, they form a ___________     A) holding company.     B) corporation.     C) trust.     D) big business.   7. Where did John D. Rockefeller start his Standard Oil Company?     A) western Pennsylvania     B) Europe     C) Cleveland, Ohio     D) Pittsburgh   8. What industry did John D. Rockefeller dominate?     A) steel     B) whiskey     C) railroads     D) oil   9. How did the Standard Oil Company expand vertically?     A) It combined 40 companies under a single management.     B) It made secret agreements with railroads to get rebates on freight charges.     C) It quickly moved to control oil refining in Cleveland.     D) It gained control of independent oil fields and it marketed natural gas.   10. What part did Ida Tarbell play in the work of John D. Rockefeller?     A) She wrote articles praising the business practices and successes of John D. Rockefeller.     B) She targeted Standard Oil in her articles for its corrupt practices.     C) She was a writer who published a novel about young men who succeeded in business because of hard work and good luck.     D) She was a "dummy director" for Standard Oil.   11. How did John D. Rockefeller feel about his "corrupt" business practices?     A) He felt that he had cheated his competitors.     B) He felt that his actions were morally wrong.     C) He felt that he had paid his workers poorly for what they did for the company.     D) He felt that what he did was not illegal when he did it.   12. In what industry did Andrew Carnegie earn his fortune?     A) oil     B) railroads     C) shipping     D) steel   13. Which of the following was characteristic of Andrew Carnegie as the director of his steel company?     A) He was reluctant to use Bessemer converters and open-hearth furnaces to make steel.     B) He used the intelligence of the men around him.     C) He would use only the best high-grade ores.     D) He shied away from using technology.   14. What is social Darwinism?     A) a belief that millionaires ought to give their money away to those who need it     B) a belief that entrepreneurs like Andrew Carnegie had the right to the money they had because they earned it     C) a belief that the strongest, cleverest, most efficient plants and animals will survive     D) a belief that the theory of the survival of the fittest applies to human society as well as plants and animals   15. What was the most important result of the Sherman Antitrust Act?     A) It broke up hundreds of trusts and forced them to become separate companies.     B) It prevented any other companies from forming trusts in the United States.     C) It forced the American Sugar Company to break up its trust.     D) It warned large corporations to be more aware of how their business practices appeared to the public.